2009年高考英语复习知识汇总(四)_育路高考网

来自 : 育路教育网 发布时间：2021-03-26

09年高考英语复习知识汇总（四） 高考语法复习五
语法复习五：强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语
一、强调句
（一）强调句句型
1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（强调主语且主语指人可以用who,当然也可以使用that）+ 其它部分。
强调句式只是把句子中某些词(被强调部分)改变位置,所以把强调结构(it is/was... that/who)去掉之后,句子一定是完整的
e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。这是重点
e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？ 一定要注意,这是出题点,也是考点,掌握它的最好方法是多记几个这样的句子,最后一定会融会贯通的.
e.g. When and where was it that you were born?
认真研究下面的例句.体会一句话语法: 强调句式只是把句子中某些词
(被强调部分)改变位置,所以把强调结构(it is/was... that/who)
去掉之后,句子一定是完整的
4、强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
句子进行强调。
强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.
5、注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was … ，其余的时态用It is … 。
（二）not … until … 句型的强调句 这也是出题点和考点,掌握的方法: 多记几个这样的句子,最后一定会融会贯通的.
1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分
e.g. 普通句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
2、注意：此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通用；因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
（三）谓语动词的强调
1、It is/ was … that … 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，
用助动词do/ does或did。
e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！
2、注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。
二、It的用法
（一）作人称代词
1、it代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。
e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it代替前面的cake）
Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. （it代替后面的air）
They say he has left town, but I don’t believe it.
（it代替前面They…town分句中的情况）
2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿）。
e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was fully twenty metres high.
（it代替前面的tree）
The baby cried because it was hungry. （it代替前面的baby）
3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。
e.g. ---- Someone is knocking at the door, Peter. ---- Who is it? ---- It’s me.
---- Who are singing? ---- It is the children.
---- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the experiment.
4、it与one的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但it用于同名同物的场合；one则用于同名异物的场合。
e.g. ---- Do you still have the bicycle? ---- No, I have sold it.
---- Is this knife yours? ---- No. It is Xiao Zhang’s. Mine is the one on the desk.
5、it与that的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但that指同一类，并非同一个。
e.g. The climate of South China is mild（温和的）; I like it very much.（it指the climate of South China）
The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.（that指the climate）
（二）作无人称代词
it作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。
It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.).
It is noon.
It is a half hour’s walk to the factory.
It is eighteen square metres in area.
What does it matter?
（三）作强调词，构成强调结构
用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。“It is (was) + 所强调的成分 + that (who) + 其它成分。”在这个句型中，it本身没有词义。详见“一、强调句”。
（四）引导词it作形式主语（宾语）
为了使句子平衡，常采用形式主语（或宾语）it ，而把真正的主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。通常引导词it与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。
e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.
（It与to go there on foot之间夹有takes half an hour四个词）
We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night.
（it与that从句中间夹有 strange）
但有时it与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。
e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you.（因为介词on之后一般不直接接that引导的宾语从句。注意：it不是多余的，不能当作错句）
补充: I like it here. 句中like是及物动词(什么是及物动词,就是可以直接加上宾语的动词),后面必须加一宾语,而here是副词,不能作宾语(大家想一想,前面我们说过什么可以做宾语来的.名词!)这时为了使句子语法正确,使用一个虚拟的宾语: it. 上面说的是理论,掌握起来非常简单哟.把它背下来: I like it here.
1. My bike is missing. I can’t find ____ anywhere.
A. one B. ones C. it D. that
2. ---- Who’s that? ---- ____ Professor Li.
A. That’s B. It’s C. He’s D. This’s
3. ____ was Jane that I saw in the library this morning.
A. It B. He C. She D. That
4. ---- Have you ever seen a whale alive? ---- Yes, I’ve seen ____.
A. that B. it C. such D. one
5. The color of my coat is different from ____ of yours.
A. this B. that C. it D. one
6. ____ will do you good to do some exercise every morning.
A. It B. There C. Those D. You
7. We think ____ our duty to pay taxes to our government.
A. that B. this C. its D. it
8. The climate of Shanghai is better than ____ of Nanjing.
A. that B. it C. which D. what
9. ____ four years since I joined the Army.
A. There was B. There is C. It was D. It is
10. How long ____ to finish the work?
A. you’ll take B. you’ll take it C. will it take you D. will take you
11. It was through Xiao Li ____ I got to know Xiao Wang.
A. who B. whom C. how D. that
12. It was in the rice fields ____ we had our league meeting.
A. where B. that C. in which D. on which
13. It was on October 1st ____ new China was founded.
A. which B. when C. as D. that
14. Was it because he was ill ____ he asked for leave?
A. and B. that C. that’s D. so
15. Mary speaks in a low voice; ____ is difficult to know what she is saying.
A. it B. that C. so D. she
16. It was ____ I met Mr Green in Shanghai.
A. many years that B. many years before
C. many years ago that D. many years when
17. ____ is not everybody ____ can draw so well.
A. It, all B. It, that C. There, who D. There, that
18. So ____ that no fish can live in it.
A. shallow is the lake B. the lake is shallow
C. shallow the lake is D. is the lake shallow
1~5 CBADB 6~10 ADADC 11~15 DBDBA 16~18 CBA
语法复习五：强调句、It的用法、省略和插入语
省略这部分语法没有什么可讲的,把一些规则记下来就可以.
三、省略
为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：
（一）简单句中的省略
1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。
e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）
(I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesn’t matter.
2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。
e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him?
3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留to。
e.g. ---- Are you going there? ---- I’d like to (go there).
He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).
注意：如果该宾语是be动词或完成时态，则须在to之后加上be或have。
e.g. ---- Are you an engineer? ---- No, but I want to be.
---- He hasn’t finished the task yet. ---- Well, he ought to have.
4、省略表语。
e.g. ---- Are you thirsty? ---- Yes, I am (thirsty).
5、同时省略几个成分。
e.g. Let’s meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.
---- Have you finished your work? ---- (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.
（二）并列句中的省略
两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。
e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.
I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.
（三）主从复合句中的省略
1、主句中有一些成分被省略。
e.g. (I’m) Sorry to hear that you are ill.
(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.
2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用so或not（切不可用it或that）代替。
e.g. ---- Is he coming back tonight? ---- I think so.
---- Is he feeling better today? ---- I’m afraid not.
这种用法常见的有：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及I suppose not. I believed not. I hope not等。（但I don’t think so比I think not更常用）。
（四）其它省略
1、连词that的省略：
①、宾语从句中常省略连词that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分）。
②、在定语从句中，that在从句中作宾语时可省略。
③、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词that一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。
2、不定式符号to的省略
①、并列的不定式可省去后面的to。
e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.
②、某些使役动词（如let, make, have）及感官动词（如see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at和listen to等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去to，但在被动语态中须把to复原。
e.g. ---- I saw the boy fall from the tree. ---- The boy was seen to fall from the tree.
③、介词but前若有动词do，后面的不定式不带to。
e.g. The boy did nothing but play.
3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语 + be”部分。（参看“状语从句”有关部分）
4、连词if在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）
5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。
e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).
四、插入语
英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语”。
（一）插入语的类型：
1、单词（多是副词），如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though等。
e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康。
I can, however, discuss this when I see you.
2、短语
e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours.
By the way, where are you from?
3、句子
e.g. He is an honest man, I believe.
Jack, as far as I know, isn’t clever.
（二）插入语的位置
通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句）。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。
e.g. You know that I think you are wrong. 我认为，你明白你错了。
What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？
（三）插入语在句中的作用
一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。
e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。
（四）插入语的特殊用法
下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语”。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句”）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高。常用动词有say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。
e.g. How long did you say she would stay here?
When do you suppose they’ll be back?
How old did you think she was
（五）大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语
by the way 顺便说，顺便问一下；so far 到目前为止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反； no wonder 不足为奇；as a matter of fact 事实上；come along 快点，来吧；in other words 换句话说；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，结果。
下面的练习题要做熟! 做熟之后,你就会发现上面的规则你已经记得差不多了. 不要硬记规则,一是不记住,二是就是记住了,到时应用也成问题
省略和插入语
1. ---- Won’t you have another try? ---- ____.
A. Yes, I will B. Yes, I won’t C. Yes, I will have D. Yes, I won’t have
2. ---- I won’t do it any more. ---- ____?
A. Why don’t B. Why don’t do it any more C. Why not D. Why not do
3. ---- Do you think it will snow tomorrow? ---- ____.
A. No, I don’t think B. I don’t think C. No, I don’t so D. I don’t think so
4. ---- Will he fail in the exam? ---- ____.
A. Don’t hope to B. Let’s hope not C. Not hope so D. Let’s hope not to
5. ____ usual, I have forgotten something.
A. As B. As it is C. It’s D. That is
6. ____ she a man, she might be elected president.
A. If B. Unless C. Was D. Were
7. ____ I had time, I would have played it again.
A. If B. Unless C. Had D. When
8. ____ it rain tomorrow, I’d stay at home.
A. Should B. Would C. When D. If
9. I like sports and ____ my brother.
A. so B. so does C. so is D. so likes
10. Francis, ____ born in Kentucky, lived and practised law in Missouri.
A. was B. He was C. who is D. although
11. ---- Aren’t you the manager? ---- No, and I ____.
A. don’t want B. don’t want to C. don’t want to be D. don’t
12. ---- Have you fed the dog? ---- No, but ____.
A. I am B. I’m just going to C. I’m D. I’m just going
13. Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach the required standard（标准） — ____, you failed.
A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time
14. How long ____ she would stay here?
A. did she say B. she said C. did D. /
15. ____ could do such thing?
A. Whom do you think B. Who do you think
C. Do you think whom D. Did you think who
1-5 ACDBA 6-10 DCABD 11-15 CBCAB
综合训练
1. John was ill. Have you heard about ____?
A. this B. he C. it D. the one
2. Hurry up! ____ getting darker and darker.
A. The sky is B. It’s C. Weather is D. Time is
3. It’s the third time ____ I have been here.
A. that B. when C. after D. who
4. It was simply for that reason ____ I wouldn’t tell him the truth.
A. why B. which C. so D. that
5. Was it in the place ____ the last emperor died?
A. where B. that C. which D. in which
6. ____ is no difference between A and B.
A. It B. Where C. There D. What
7. It ____ Mike and Mary who helped the old man several days ago.
A. was B. were C. are D. had been
8. He said, “ ____ a long way to school. ____ a long way to go
yet before we arrive.”
A. It is, It is B. There is, There is C. There is, It is D. It is, There is
9. I don’t like ____ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
10. If you go to Xi’an, you’ll find the palaces there more magnificent
than commonly ____.
A. supposing B. suppose C. to suppose D. supposed
11. ____ is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.
A. There B. This C. That D. It
12. It was about 600 years ago ____ the first clock with a face and
an hour hand was made.
A. that B. until C. before D. when
13. It was not until 1920 ____ regular radio broadcast began.
A. while B. which C. that D. since
14. ---- Do you mind my taking this seat? ---- ____.
A. Yes, sit down please B. No, of course not
C. Yes, take it please D. No, you can’t take it
15. ---- I’ll be away on a business trip.
Would you mind looking after my cat? --- Not at all. ____.
A. I’ve no time B. I’d rather not C. I’d like it D. I’d be happy to
16. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to
17. It was not until she came to see us ____ her mother was ill in bed.
A. when we knew B. that did we knew C. that we knew D. that did we know
18. ---- This store has such high prices. ---- I agree. Never again ____ here.
A. I will shop B. will I shop C. I do shop D. shop I
19. ____ was his kindness that everyone praised him.
A. It B. What C. So D. Such
20. ____, he would have passed the exam.
A. If he were to study B. If he studied hard
C. Had he studied hard D. Should he study hard
21. ---- David has made great progress recently.
---- ____, and ____.
A. So he has, so have you B. So he has, so you have
C. So has he, so have you D. So has he, so you have
22. No sooner ____ they rushed out into the street.
A. did they hear the news than
B. did they hear the news when
C. had they heard the news than
D. had they heard the news when
23. He was unable to make such progress, ____.
A. hard as he tried B. as hard he tried C. hard he has tried D. tried hard as he
1-5 CBADB 6-10 CADAD 11-15 DACBD 16-20 ACBDC 21-23 ACA 语法复习六：状语从句
由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。状语从句是一较大的语法项目，也是近几年高考题中常见的一个重要试点。高考中已考查了时间、让步、地点、条件、目的等状语从句，这些从句仍是今后高考热点，应作充分准备。同时对方式状语从句也应引起重视。
（一）时间状语从句
表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等引导。
e.g. When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.
He started as soon as he received the news.
Once you see him, you will never forget him.
No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.
（二）原因状语从句
原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。
e.g. He is disappointed because he didn\'t get the position.
As it is raining, I will not go out.
Now that you mention it, I do remember.
（三）地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。
e.g. Sit wherever you like.
Make a mark where you have a question.
（四）目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。
e.g. Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.
She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.
He left early in case he should miss the train.
（五）结果状语从句
结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that等引导。
e.g. She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting.
He was so excited that he could not say a word.
She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.
（六）条件状语从句
条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。注意：条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。
e.g. If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.
You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.
So far as I know（据我所知）, he will be away for three months.
You can go swimming on condition that
( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank.
If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.
（七）让步状语从句
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等引导。注意：as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。
e.g. Though he is a child, he knows a lot.
Child as he is, he knows a lot.
Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, I’ll never change my mind.
（八）方式状语从句
方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。
e.g. You must do the exercise as I show you.
He acted as if nothing had happened.
（九）比较状语从句
比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等引导。
e.g. I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.
He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.
The busier he is, the happier he feels.
（十）使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题
1、在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。
e.g. We’ll go outing if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.
2、有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。
e.g. When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
If (you are) asked you may come in.
If (it is) necessary I’ll explain to you again.
3、注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。
e.g. You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）
Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）
I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句）
Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）
This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）
练习、状语从句
一、用横线划出下列句子中的状语从句，并指出是哪种状语从句：
1. Child as she is, she knows a lot of things.
2. The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be.
3. He talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.
4. He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.
5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.
6. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
7. Where there is water, there is life.
8. He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.
9. Since you are very busy, I won\'t trouble you.
10. Even if (though) I fail. I’ll never lose heart.
11. Once you begin the work, you must continue.
12. I will find her wherever she may be.
13. Now that you\'ve come, you\'d better have dinner with us.
14. He was so excited that he couldn\'t fall asleep.
15. We must do everything as he tells us.
16. India is much bigger than Japan.
17. No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.
18. As (So) long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.
1. Child as she is, she knows a lot of things. 让步
2. The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be.比较
3. He talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.方式
4. He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.结果
5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.条件
6. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.时间
7. Where there is water, there is life.地点
8. He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.目的
9. Since you are very busy, I won\'t trouble you.原因
10. Even if (though) I fail, I’ll never lose heart.让步
11. Once you begin the work, you must continue.时间
12. I will find her wherever she may be. 让步
13. Now that you\'ve come, you\'d better have dinner with us.原因
14. He was so excited that he couldn\'t fall asleep.结果
15. We must do everything as he tells us.方式
16. India is much bigger than Japan.比较
17. No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.让步
18. As (So) long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.条件

(责任编辑：卢雁明)